Unit+Three

Expansion of Cotton Slavery & Plantations in 19th Century America===
 * Analysis:** The above image depicts a virtual comparison between Malden Massachussets and the average Southern slave Plantation in 19th century America. The yellow square outlines a 1,000 acre plantation common in the 19th century demonstrating that it would in retrospect take up a large part of the city, making the plantation the central aspect of the city of "Malden" . This is significant because this measurement is very relevant to the cities in the south in the 19th century; they were small,. plantation oriented, and revolved highly around slavery and its productions such as sugar, cotton and tabacco, ect.. The above image only depicts one, single plantation in a southern city, however their were multiple plantations in the city surrounding one another, so in order to be realistic we must imagine a similar 1,000 acre, or even 500 acre plantation in not only Malden, but Medford, Everett, Revere, and so forth. The incooperation of plantations into Southern cities makes for societies revolved around consumer productions as opposed to urban lifestyles theirfore, these areas were not much like cities at all, perhaps this is why the south only "grew, but did not develop".

Map Analysis 296-297

 * The maps of page 296 depict a before and after comparision of slavery and cotton in the south in 1820 and in 1860. The first map demonstrates that cotton production was maninly focused in the east in areas such as the Carolinas and Louisiana, however in 1860 the slave distribution and cotton productions doubles, and even almost triples spreading to areas throughout the southeast and southwest. Not only did the number of slaves increase but the areas of cotton production did also signifying a relationship between the two: as cotton plantations increase, the demand for slaves increase also. Over a matter of jsut fourty years, the number of slaves and cotton production nearly tripled in the south alone by millions.
 * The map on page 297 depicts the single, most important, and only means of transportation in the 19th century-- the idea of building plantations around river to better more easily ship cargo down the rivers to various other plantations so that individuals could acess cargo easier by boat in nearing towns, cities, and centers of commerical transactions.
 * Chapter Data**
 * in 1850 the total white population of the south was over six million, the number of slaveholders was only 347,525
 * in 1860 the white population was above 8 million the number of slave holders risen to 383,638
 * there were about 40 -50 slaves for an 800 acre plantation
 * in 1820 the south had produced about 500,000 bales of cotton-- by 1850 the south was producing about 3 million bales a year and 5 million bales a year in 1860
 * between 1820 and 1860 the number of slaves in Alabama increased from 41,000 to 435,000-- in Mississippi from 32,000 to 436,000
 * between 1840 and 1860 410,000 slaves moved from upper south to the cotton states
 * Virginia: 425,000 to 490,000 increase over the same period 1820-1860

19th Century Southern Hiearchy
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**Chapter Twelve Preview : Antebellum Culture and Reform**

 * antebellum: pre-war: reference to before civil war in latin**
 * New societies are created including the anti-slavery society, the American colonization society, and the American society
 * The liberty party is formed in 1840
 * Anti-abolitionist and abolistionist arise and mobs and riots begin to form
 * American literature reaches an all time peak with the creation of new literary works including :

//Image Analysis//: The above image depicts what is known as the "Drunkard's Process" which is a lithograph that demonstrates the effects of alcohol consumption in its basic from. The lithograph demonstrates that even the "first step" or an innocent glass of wine with a freind can lead to the most distructive/dramatic of effects such as suicide, crime, and desperation. The dramatitized effects of alcohol consumptions enables the viewer to infer that this insight may represent the viewpoint of temprance advocates or even women in the ninetenth century due to its over exaggerated nature; this exaggeration could have been used as a stategy to promote more advocates for the temprance movement, or also as a scare tatic to evoke household women to take extra precautions in preventing alcoholic consumption within their household. I feel as though the image depicts a valid argument that alcoholic consumption is dangerous and may lead the individual down a downward spiral, however, I would argue that the lithograph is over dramatized and that a simple drink does not alway lead to complete and utter dependence and desperation.
 * Temperance Movement-** a social movement against the use of alcoholic beverage use however does not go out of its way to completely rid of its exsistence in society such as "prohibition"; (a deal with it attitude) ; reflects the understanding that it will not be completely outlawed in society however that society should take steps to tolerate
 * MODERATION-- controlling

Chapter Twelve Question: Class Discussion Chapter Questions -importance of individual rights -need a large following : temprance movement; size and unity a united mission;unified plan for attack -Change doesnt come quickly; dont expect it to come quickly ; patience is key-- perserverence, patience ( dont expect it to happen overnight); people in power do not give up that power as easily as people expect
 * Three**

Reform movements or social movements always a battle about how much how soon in a battle? Ex. Womens rights... is it a graudal process or do you try to get change immediately? need strategy & tatics

Chapter 13: Slave/ Free Territories Under the Compromise of 1850:(354)
 * Map Expanding Settlement 1810-1950 (340)**
 * All white settlers settled mostly along the east coast before 1810; from 1810 to 1830 white settlements moved more toward central America and then finally from 1830 to1850 white settlments began to move out west; this demonstrates the highly populated American society-- shows that America most lilkey lacked the diversity it posses today aside from the distinction between slaves & whites
 * By 1850 America had reached its present territorial boundaries, aside from Alaska & Hawaii; supports their idea of "Manifest Destiny"
 * Mexicans allowed Americans to move into their terriorty; Westward expansion continued rapidly
 * Western Trails in 1860: (345)**
 * The development of major trails begin to faciliate trade & travel which also promotes diversification; it also allowed for greater trade between regions
 * The Mexican War: ( 349)**
 * the map demonstrates the border disputes between Mexico & America over the 'states" of Texas, a dispute that which ultimately led them into a war
 * The map displays the American militarys war stragetegies; one strategy being the movemevent of troops from multiple outside areas around the Mexican troops; American troops stationed in areas around Santa Fe, Mexico city & the west coast of California-- it is evident of the success of these strategies due to the numerous America battle wins: shown in the map ( 10: 1- America)
 * SouthWestern Expansion 1845/1853 ( 350)**
 * The map depicts the end results of the Mexican/ American war : the American annexation of Texas in 1845; it also shows the purchase of the additional land from Mexico ( the Mexican Cession) in 1848 in present day California/ Arizona; it also portrays the land that was disputed by Mexico & Texas just outside of the Texas borders
 * The various disputes & purchases demosntrate the Americans desire to expand westward in order to complete the country as a whole;
 * The first recognition of the idea or concept of popular sovergnty; it becomes a possibility for new states to the union allowing a state to choose whether or not it would like to be a free state or slave state; its significant because it reflects the idea of demoncracy: allowing residents to vote on an idea.
 * popular sovergnty: "the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of every political power"
 * The percentages demonstrates the drastic effects of the slave system; for example the percentage of the slave population in Mississippi is 51% more than half of the population were slaves.


 * Chapter Theme**: Westward Expansion
 * Expansion Tactics**: war, treaties/purchases, manifest destiny, gold/land incentives
 * Manifest Destiny**: the idea that it was Americas god-given right to expand into the Westward lands due to their feelings of superiority
 * Why?** Demoncracy( just & righteous);

Advantages of the South Advantages of the North
 * Background Causes of Civil War**
 * The Kansas-Nebraska Act--led to violence because it allowed for popular sovergnty; violence arose because both sides were trying to gain the right to the state; demonstrates lack of ability to compromise
 * The Dred- Scott decision
 * Slavery--states rights
 * growth of abolition movement
 * sectionalism
 * the cotton gin invention
 * Missoruri Compromise
 * election of Abraham Lincoln-election of 1860
 * secsession of southern states
 * Fort Sumter South Carolina
 * continued secession
 * fighting on familiar ground with the support of the locals
 * better communication amongst one another as a militia clear on a solid purpose in fighitn the war.-- where as the north was divided about which side they wanted to take in the war where as in the south there was one clear solid decision
 * had the President on there side so they were fighting as a more solid militia due to a definite and set political leader
 * stonger more efficiet industrial system
 * bigger population stonger larger militia

11: Civil War a) Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent b) Military strategies and foreign diplomacy c) Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war d) Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West 12: Reconstruction a) Presidential and Radical Reconstruction b) Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures c) Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy d) Compromise of 1877 e) Impact of Reconstruction
 * new roles for women, when men left for work they became the dominant household figure;often took over mens jobs: in the north and the south; slaves found ways to escape their masters to gain freedom by crossing the "union lines" ; confederate leaders were afraid of slave revolts;boys left behind to manage farms
 * left alot of unmarried and widowed women and large female populations

Class Work Chapter 14 Question
4.) What were the reasons the North was victorious? The North prevailed in victory over the South in the American civil war for multiple reasons. One of the most key reasons the north prevailed over the south during the war was because of the blockade they set up around the southern ports in which closed off the ports that supplied the south with the vital resources needed to prevail within the war, these resources including: amo, food, weapons,medicine,ect.. The south ultimately had to turn to England for supplies, thus since the North was less dependent on supplies coming from elsewhere because they were able to self produce their supplies. As an effect of the blockade, time remained on the Norths side; as the blockade slowly killed the southern militia, as they began to loose more and more men, the North was able to strategize due to their surplus of time. Another reason the North was victorious over the south was due to their larger militia; they had more men to work with therefore they were able to loose more men without being dramatically affected.

Individuals

 * Lincoln:**
 * 10% reconstruction plan-- allowed for southern states to be reintegrated into the union if 10 percent of the 1860 vote count of that region had taken the oath of allegience to the U.S. and pledge to abide by emancipation; beilieved that a lenient re-admission to the union for the south would encourage the whigs and and southern union to join the Republican Party
 * didnt want a civil war but saw it as a necesity in order to keep the union together and protect the constitution--


 * Grant:**
 * Union (anti-salvery)
 * shared similar beliefs to Lincoln that in the war they should be fighrin the Confederartes army and not over territory
 * against the views of radical reconstruction; agressive military leader **(414)**
 * Lee:**
 * commander of the confederate army; repled the idea of war because he wanted to perserve and protect the constitution
 * Johnson:**
 * hostile toward free slaves and refused to support any efforts for them to gain equal civil rights or enfranchisement
 * Republican president-- plan for "restoration" in which reflected the ideas within the Wade-Davis Bill as well as the ideas outlined in Lincolns 10 perecent plan and combined them to make a more moderate reconstruction plan that was niether to harsh nor to weak when acting upon restoration
 * Douglass:**
 * died during the war, but pre-war recruited northern blacks for the union army; fought for the rights of women and african americans and stood behind the war alongside lincoln

Groups

 * Radical Republicans:**
 * believed that Lincolns programs were to "mild" and proposed the Wade-Davis Bill passed by Congress in July 1864 which authorized the president to appoint a provisial governor for each conquered state as a immediate reaction to his ideas
 * KKK**

Abolitionist-
 * Congress**
 * refused to seat the representattives of the "restored states" and created a new Joint commitee within the reconstruction plan to create a reconstruction policy of its own -- known as the period of "radical" or "congressional" reconsturction
 * SLAVES**
 * no change in idea of equality or rights**

Lincoln Moive Notes

Lincoln didnt have the power to abolish slavery under the consitution because it was a states issue as it was a states right used the idea of the south using slavery to help them in the war as an act of rebllion therefor he had the right to abolish it under those terms and in turn issued the emancipation proclomation--changed it from a war to a revolution because the desire for change